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A central topic in ontology is the categories of being—fundamental classes that map out a comprehensive inventory of reality. Becoming, by contrast, covers change, like when an entity shifts from one state of being to another. Other suggested criteria identify reality with what is observable, measurable,a coherent,b useful, objective, intersubjective, or fundamental. This view emphasizes that reality is encountered, rather than invented, and can resist or frustrate beliefs and desires, unlike malleable imaginary creations.
In this sense, realism and anti-realism encompass many domain-specific positions across diverse fields. Anti-realism rejects this view, arguing instead that there is no external world or that reality depends in certain respects on mental processes, subjective perspectives, or social conventions. Realism and anti-realism are families of views concerning the mind-independence of reality. It is controversial whether determinism is true and, if so, whether this implies that there is no free will.

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• Various categories of being or constituents of reality are discussed in the academic discourse.
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• For instance, causality, virtue, life and justice are abstract concepts.
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• Anti-realism questions the prospect of achieving a true description of a mind-independent world.

Skepticism about metaphysics holds that it is not possible to know the fundamental nature of reality, such as claims about categories of being or the existence of universals. For example, emotivism holds that value statements express emotional attitudes of subjective approval or disapproval rather than objective facts. Realists hold that values are objective features of reality, meaning that there are mind-independent facts about whether something is good or bad, irrespective of subjective beliefs or personal preferences. Phenomenalism, a related view, reduces physical objects to collections of actual or possible sensory experiences. In the broadest sense, realism is the view that the external world and its constituents exist as they do regardless of how people perceive or think about them.
A semantic approach to the debate between realism and anti-realism, proposed by Michael Dummett, argues that the underlying disagreement concerns the meaning of statements rather than the existence of entities. It opposes the idea that world and mind are essentially correlated, emphasizing the mind-independent nature of reality beyond the way humans perceive and think about it. On this view, unobservable entities may be invoked in theory construction to aid prediction but should not be taken to exist. Anti-realism questions the prospect of achieving a true description of a mind-independent world. Scientific realism is the view that the best scientific theories provide an accurate description of a mind-independent world.

Viewpoints on reality

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Formalism, another form of anti-realism, understands mathematics as a practice of symbol manipulation, suggesting that mathematical truth is grounded in whether the manipulation rules permit the construction of a proof. According to conventionalism, the truth of mathematical statements rests on linguistic conventions or definitions, rather than on their relation to language-independent reality. Anti-realists hold that there are no abstract objects and offer alternative explanations.

Related concepts

• Non-reductive physicalists hold that everything is ultimately physical while insisting that higher-level psychological facts cannot be reduced to fundamental physics.
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• Scientific realism is the view that the best scientific theories provide an accurate description of a mind-independent world.
• Existence monism contrasts with existence pluralism, which aligns more closely with everyday experience by asserting that reality is made up of many objects.

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In a broad sense, appearances are not limited to what people perceive but can also include memories, beliefs, and thoughts. For example, if a planet or a virus is real then it exists on its own and behaves according to its nature, even if people are unaware or hold zumospin casino false beliefs about it. A related topic concerns the possibility and limits of knowledge as a successful cognitive contact with reality. Debates between realists and anti-realists span multiple domains, addressing the objective existence of universals, abstract objects, values, and unobservable entities posited by scientific theories.

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In this sense, there can be matter without biological life, whereas life is built upon matter and depends on it. Unreal entities, by contrast, depend for their existence on thoughts and ideas; they would not arise or would vanish without the mental activity creating or sustaining them. Anti-realism, by contrast, holds that certain aspects of reality depend on mental processes, subjective perspectives, or social conventions.

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